Akamefula, Tiye, Camille Newsom, Burgey Marcos, and Jong Ho. A weekly podcasting exploring great political revolutions. As an educated class used to the French political system, they became the elite of Haitian society after the war's end. [99], Toussaint Louverture, although a self-educated former domestic slave, was one of the most successful black commanders. [24], On 1 January 1804, from the city of Gonaves, Dessalines officially declared the former colony's independence, renaming it "Haiti" after the indigenous Arawak name. Sugar is a labor-intensive crop, which requires more slaves. Enjoy! France's transformation was most influential in Europe, and Haiti's influence spanned every location that continued to practice slavery. But this freedom came at a price. So around 1802, what was a revolution against slavery, which occurred on the island, turned into a war of independence and led to the independence of Haiti from France in January 1804 officially . The conflict up to this point was between factions of whites, and between whites and free blacks. There were many written discussions about the events in Haiti during the revolution in both France and England, however, they were generally written by anonymous authors. Everyonequite rightlylived in terror of everyone else. These men would become important leaders in the slave rebellion and later revolution.[19]. The grands blancs in Saint-Domingue, unhappy with Sonthonax, arranged with Britain to declare British sovereignty over the colony, believing that the British would maintain slavery. [131][132] The massacrewhich took place in the entire territory of Haitiwas carried out from early February 1804 until 22 April 1804. [83] On 7 June 1797, Toussaint attacked Fort Churchill in an assault that was as noted for its professionalism as for its ferocity. The Assembly granted civil and political rights to free men of color in the colonies in March 1792. The remainder of the squadron was forced to fight two more actions on their return to Europe, but did eventually reach the Spanish port of Corunna. [106] The final French column to arrive was the one commanded by Rochambeau, who brought along heavy artillery that knocked out the Haitian artillery, though his attempt to storm the ditch also ended in failure with about 300 of his men killed. Thanks, and keep up the amazing work! If a page linked from a footnote that cites the Haiti study bears a title different from that cited next to the link, consult, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Polish Legions (Napoleonic period) The Haitian campaign, occupying forces of Russia, Prussia, and Austria that began in 1772, Learn how and when to remove this template message, An Unbroken Agony: Haiti, From Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President, "Why Haiti should be at the centre of the Age of Revolution Laurent Dubois", "The Polish Influence in Casale, Haiti and Contribution to the Haitian Revolution", "Slave Hounds and Abolition in the Americas", "Chapter 6 "Haiti: Historical Setting", in, "The History of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, Volume 2", "Dominican Republic Haiti and Santo Domingo", "A Country Study: Haiti Boyer: Expansion and Decline", "La premire ambassade franaise en Hati", "The Realities in Africa: European Profit or Negro Development? [93] Though Toussaint maintained he was still loyal to France, to all intents and purposes, he ruled Saint Domingue as its dictator. This is one I know absolutely nothing about, and it sounds really interesting (and bloody and horrible) from the first episode. [29] The book was received positively by numerous important outlets including The New Yorker,[30] Publishers Weekly[31] and The New Republic. Posted by: Site includes teaching tools and resources. [105] The next French commander who tried to assault the ditch was General Charles Dugua, joined shortly afterwards by the column commanded by Leclerc. David Geggus asks: "How much of a difference did it make?" "The 1802 Saint-Domingue yellow fever epidemic and the Louisiana Purchase". Two centuries ago, Haitians revolted against their French masters and declared independence. [82] The French commander, the mulatto General Alexandre Ption, proved to be an excellent artilleryman, who used the guns of his fort to sink two of the three ships-of-the-line under Admiral Hyde Parker in the harbour, before turning his guns to the British forces; a French sortie led to a rout of the British, and Forbes retreated back to Port-au-Prince. Given that, what was the social and economic landscape of Haiti in the years leading up to the revolution? Season 1 - The Work Revolution. As the French retreated, Haiti, which had once been called the "Pearl of the Antilles", the richest French colony in the world, was impoverished, as its economy was in ruins after the revolution. [109], Haiti's first head of state Jean-Jacques Dessalines called Polish people "the White Negroes of Europe", which was then regarded a great honor, as it meant brotherhood between Poles and Haitians. Napoleon then turned his attention towards France's European enemies such as Great Britain and Prussia. The country was damaged from years of war, its agriculture devastated, its formal commerce nonexistent. The French historian Paul Fregosi wrote: "Whites, mulattos and blacks loathed each other. They introduced slavery at about the same time; the first slave revolt in the New World happened on the island in 1522, which seems to foreshadow what would happen a few centuries later. [160] Total casualties for the French Revolution are estimated at 2 million. [102] When Christophe refused, the French assaulted Le Cap and the Haitians set the city afire rather than surrender it. [104] Captain Marcus Rainsford, a British Army officer who visited Saint-Domingue observed the training of the Haitian Army, writing: "At a whistle, a whole brigade ran three or four hundred yards, and then, separating, threw themselves flat on the ground, changing to their backs and sides, and all the time keeping up a strong fire until recalledThis movement is executed with such facility and precision as totally to prevent cavalry from charging them in bushy and hilly country". The Code Noir required 2 1/2 pounds of manioc and either two pounds of salt beef or three pounds of fish every week, but generally most slaves only got a few potatoes and a little bit of water every day. [15] Saint-Domingue was the most profitable French colony in the world, indeed one of the most profitable of all the European colonies in the 18th century. Browse the 18th Century era within the In Our Time archive. During the 18th century, local legislation reversed parts of it. [119] One of Rochambeau's ships was almost wrecked while leaving the harbour, but was saved by a British lieutenant acting alone, who not only rescued the 900 people on board, but also refloated the ship. In the end of 1798, Maitland withdrew the last of his forces from Mole St Nicholas, as Toussaint took command of the fortress. As Leclerc lay dying of yellow fever and heard that Christophe and Dessalines had joined the rebels, he reacted by ordering all of the blacks living in Le Cap to be killed by drowning in the harbour. [114] (Other sources suggest the dogs may have been dogo cubanos sourced in their hundreds from Cuba rather than Jamaica. It was the only successful slave revolt in modern times. They werent very organized, and they werent very well equipped. I'm psyched for this one. Some[who?] This kept their culture more African and separate from other people on the island. They held a voodoo ceremony where they called for their liberty. [17], The planters and their families, together with the petite bourgeoisie of merchants and shopkeepers, were outnumbered by slaves by a factor of more than ten on Saint-Domingue. Citizenship was offered to any slave or oppressed person that made it to Haiti's shores as mandated by Dessaline's constitution. [107], The rebels finally managed to decisively defeat the French troops at the Battle of Vertires on 18 November 1803, leading the first-ever group of slaves to successfully create an independent state through a slave revolt. "[9], Duncan began The History of Rome in 2007, after failing to find any good podcasts about ancient history. In the 1660s, the French began to settle in the west part of the island, and they established a colony. Saint-Domingue's Northern province was the center of shipping and trading, and had the largest population of grands blancs. More than a translation from Spanish is a corruption. He was a former slave; he had been a coachman for the manager of a plantation. [104] The Haitians burned down Logne and killed all of the French with the Trinidadian historian C. L. R. James writing of Dessalines's actions at Logne: "Men, women and children, indeed all the whites who came into his hands, he massacred. [106] Louverture was promised his freedom if he agreed to integrate his remaining troops into the French army. Next: The Haitian Revolution. Download the best of Radio 3's Free Thinking programme. And the length of Rue . Barred from using the whip, many instead turned to lianes, which were thick vines abundant throughout the island, to persuade the laborers to keep working. Many on both sides had come to see the war as a race war where no mercy was to be given. [78] The fleet for the "great push" left Portsmouth on 16 November 1795 and was wrecked by a storm, before sending out again on 9 December. | 4.02- The Web of Tension . This is an episode index for Mike Duncan's fabulous Revolutions Podcast. from the French population. "Teaching the Haitian Revolution: Its Place in Western and Modern World History". To avoid the appearance of slavery, however, Dessalines abolished the ultimate symbol of slavery, the whip. [106] Toussaint was later deceived, seized by the French and shipped to France. By 1801, hed actually conquered Santo Domingo, which was the Spanish part of the island and had made serious inroads into the French part of the island. In the north of the country, the French forces were isolated in the two large ports of Cap Franais and Mle-Saint-Nicolas and a few smaller settlements, all supplied by a French naval force based primarily at Cap Franais. Haiti's troubles go back more than a century. The revolution of 1911 was a critical moment in Chinese history because of how it paved the way for the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949, an uprising that established the People's Republic of China. Now: The Russian Revolution Next: ??? 03 April 2017 at 04:48 AM. He sent a letter to slaves all over the island introducing himself. Apart from granting rights to free people of color, the Assembly dispatched 6,000 French soldiers to the island. [24] Shortly afterwards, the ferocious Dessalines rode into Le Cap to submit to France and was rewarded by being made the governor of Saint-Marc, a place that Dessalines ruled with his customary cruelty. [106], On 25 April 1802, the situation suddenly changed when Christophe defected, along with much of the Haitian Army, to the French. Haitian Revolution, series of conflicts between 1791 and 1804 between Haitian slaves, colonists, the armies of the British and French colonizers, and a number of other parties. They didnt ration food like they were supposed to. Duncan reported that he hopes to turn this idea into a multi-season series and is currently in early discussions to do so. This was a special, public punishment dealt out because the whites in Haiti didnt want to extend full rights to the gens de couleur. He warned, "the Africans only want a chief, sufficiently courageous, to lead them on to vengeance and slaughter". Leading 18th-century French writer Count Mirabeau had once said the Saint-Domingue whites "slept at the foot of Vesuvius",[42] suggesting the grave threat they faced should the majority of slaves launch a sustained major uprising. The petit blancs were eager to protect their position in the color-based class system. 4.0 Another Revolutions Podcast Update | Finally, in August 1791, the slaves organized. It seems to have been a rather slow burning spark between 1789 and 1791. Although he lasted from 1804 to 1806, several changes began taking place in Haiti. Within two months of arriving in Saint-Domingue, the British lost 40 officers and 600 men to yellow fever. [114] Rochambeau imported about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica, who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes. [5] Duncan also occasionally creates political comic strips in collaboration with illustrator Jason Novak.[6]. Many plantations had large concentrations of slaves from a particular region of Africa, and it was therefore somewhat easier for these groups to maintain elements of their culture, religion, and language. Woohoo! White planters saw it as an opportunity to gain independence from France, which would allow them to take control of the island and create trade regulations that would further their own wealth and power. What is the Significance of the Haitian Revolution? Benjamin Wittes, after hearing the first two episodes of Revolutions, called the podcast "informative, engaging, told in Duncan's usual easygoing, somewhat comic style that packs a lot of history into relatively brief discussions". In response, Napoleon Bonaparte dispatched a large expeditionary force of French soldiers and warships to the island, led by Bonaparte's brother-in-law Charles Leclerc, to restore French rule. Enlightened thought divided the world into "enlightened leaders" and "ignorant masses";[26] Louverture sought to bridge this divide between the popular masses and the enlightened few by striking a balance between Western Enlightened thought as a necessary means of winning liberation, and not propagating the notion that it was morally superior to the experiences and knowledge of people of color on Saint-Domingue. [71] Fortescue wrote that the aim of the British in the first expedition had been to destroy "the power of France in these pestilent islands only to discover when it was too late, that they practically destroyed the British army". Also Place Hotel de Ville. Blackburn, Robin. [19], The larger groups of runaway slaves who lived in the hillside woods away from white control often conducted violent raids on the island's sugar and coffee plantations. In 1801, Louverture issued a constitution for Saint-Domingue that decreed he would be governor-for-life and called for black autonomy and a sovereign black state. Great job with the overview in the first episode. Beginning during the slave insurrections of 1791, white refugees from Saint-Domingue fled to the United States, particularly to Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, and Charleston. Among Saint-Domingue's 40,000 white colonists, European-born Frenchmen monopolized administrative posts. I wasn't sure if I was going to be as interested in this one, but you've set the stage so well that I'm already getting sucked in. [76], Rigaud had checked the British in the south, taking the town of Logne by storm and driving the British back to Port-au-Prince. Everyone in the colony was paying attention to what was going on in France. Then sugar was introduced. M. Degros, Cration des postes diplomatiques et consulaires, Revue d'histoire diplomatique, 1986; in French, J-F. Brire, Hati et la France, 18041848: le rve bris, Paris, Karthala 2008; in French, Newman, Simon P. "American Political Culture and the French and Haitian Revolutions: Nathaniel Cutting and the Jeffersonian Republicans.". ), The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World (University of South Carolina Press, 2001), Malick Ghachem, The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 2012), C. L. R. James, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint LOuverture and the San Domingo Revolution (first published 1938; Penguin, 2001), Madison Smartt Bell, Toussaint Louverture: A Biography (Vintage, 2007), Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History (Beacon Press, 1997). [36] The lower-class whites, petits blancs (literally "small whites"), included artisans, shopkeepers, slave dealers, overseers, and day laborers. A self-described "complete history geek",[2] his love for history grew from an interest in ancient civilizations as a child, with a particular affinity for Roman history. [82] Abercromby predicted that at the current rate of yellow fever infection, all of the men from the two regiments were dead by November. While the southern republic did not have as much focus on economic development, and put more attention on liberal land distribution and education, the northern kingdom went on to become relatively wealthy, though wealth distribution was disputed. [104] The French had been expecting the Haitians to happily go back to being their slaves, as they believed it was natural for blacks to be the slaves of whites, and were stunned to learn how much the Haitians hated them for wanting to reduce them back to a life in chains. [93] To the United States, Rigaud's ties to France represented a threat to American commerce. [128][135][131], An independent government was created in Haiti, but the country's society remained deeply affected by patterns established under French colonial rule. Glasgow Women's Library. Posted by: A limited amount, he concludes, for slavery flourished in the western hemisphere for many more decades. [79] Forbes's attempt to take the French-held city of Logne ended in disaster. More. Land could not be privately owned; it reverted to the State through Biens Nationaux (national bonds), and no French whites could own land. [167][failed verification] Historians debate whether the victorious Haitians were "intrinsically [a] revolutionary force". [72] After arriving in the West Indies in February 1794, Grey chose to conquer Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Guadeloupe. Posted by: Saison 2: Hati Vous pouvez me contacter sur podcast.decolonisations@gmail.com. In 1787 alone, the French imported about 20,000 slaves from Africa into Saint-Domingue, while the British imported about 38,000 slaves total to all of their Caribbean colonies. [84] Simcoe used the new British troops to push back the Haitians under Toussaint, but in a counter-offensive, Toussaint and Rigaud stopped the offensive. In 1789, there was a population of 40,000 whites and 500,000 slaves. 5 1 Comment Like Comment Most relevant Craig Buddy Loving the episodes. [63] Of Grey's 7,000 men, about 5,000 died of yellow fever while the Royal Navy reported losing "forty-six masters and eleven hundred men dead, chiefly of yellow fever". They temporarily abolished slavery in parts of Haiti to deal with their own problems because they were being attacked by the British and the Spanish, who wanted into the colony as well. 00:00. The poor whites couldn't stand the rich whites, the rich whites despised the poor whites, the middle-class whites were jealous of the aristocratic whites, the whites born in France looked down upon the locally born whites, mulattoes envied the whites, despised the blacks and were despised by the whites; free Negroes brutalized those who were still slaves, Haitian born blacks regarded those from Africa as savages. The economy was based on small multi-crop ventures. Revolutions Podcast by Mike Duncan - S4: Haitian Revolution - Episode 19 7,324 views Jun 20, 2018 83 Dislike Share Khwarezmid 3.67K subscribers Link (s) to the episode (s):. The second group were free people of color, or gens de couleur libres, who were usually mixed-race (sometimes referred to as mulattoes), being of both African and French descent. The first effective maroon leader to emerge was the charismatic Haitian Vodou priest Franois Mackandal, who inspired his people by drawing on African traditions and religions. If youre new to In Our Time, this is a good place to start. Slave quarters were built on the lowest part of the property where there was no wind or ventilation, and there was excessive heat and it was very crowded. [104], Leclerc ordered four French columns to march on Gonaives, which was the main Haitian base. The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World. [163] The revolution culminated in 1804; Haiti was an independent state solely of freed peoples. Baur, John. However, all was not simple in the press. The gens de couleur looked like the grand blancs, they dressed like them, and for the most part they lived like them, but there were still restrictions on the work they could do, and even on the way that they could dress.The gens de couleur had a pretty good life, but they still wanted the rights and privileges of their planter parents. Louverture worked with a French general, tienne Laveaux, to ensure that all slaves would be freed. On the night of 30 November 1803, 8,000 French soldiers and hundreds of white civilians boarded the British ships to take them away.

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