Any form of intelligence we can gather on gangs and their members. After the State inquired as to Echeverria's work history in the 14th District and his familiarity with the gangs in that area, the judge found that Officer Echeverria was an expert in the area of gangs regarding the 14th district, the particular areas of California and Milwaukee and Talman and Wabansia. Echeverria's testimony included the following: People and folks are the 2 factions that are broken into the gangs in the city. The majority of the original members were Italian, but they did take in some non-Italians, including some Mexican Americans. Find more words! You will be governor of that corner. The admission of expert testimony is within the sound discretion of the trial court and the court's decision will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. In the six-week investigation that followed the subsequent violence, Almodovar and 10 other Disciples were arrested. The main clubhouse for the Gaylords by the late 1950s was on the corner of Ohio and Noble Street. How to use maniac in a sentence. Later, at the burial, gang members performed a prayer ritual and tossed weapons into Garcia's grave as it was lowered into the ground, witnesses said. Here, defendant asked to use the restroom after being at the police department overnight. The former "prince" of the Maniac Latin Disciples, Garcia was gunned down April 3 in the front seat of his car, allegedly by a member of his own gang. 2141, 2147, 57 L.Ed.2d 1, 9 (1978). After cross-examination, defense counsel, in a sidebar, objected to Echeverria being characterized as a gang expert, reasoning that his qualifications are [not] close to being expert witness qualifications.. Therefore, since the Class 1 felonies in the instant case did not involve the infliction of severe bodily harm to the victims of those felonies, mandatory consecutive sentences are not provided for under section 5/5-8-4(a) of the Illinois Unified Code of Corrections. Maniac Edit: Latin: proluit Edit: Dictionary Entries near maniac. It's a relationship that has remained remarkably unchanged for a simple reason: A gang's endorsement can make "a very significant difference" on Election Day, especially in local elections, according to Roberto Caldero, a former gang member turned political activist. Detective Hector Vergara testified that he interviewed the defendant on August 18, 1997. Please try again. Q. Robert Becker and Andrew Martin and Tribune Staff Writers. Ortiz led police to defendant, a Hispanic male wearing a dark hoodie, and later testified against him. His boss, whom he admires, is waiting to meet with him about the big project. It originated on the intersection of Grand Avenue and Noble Street in Chicago's West Town neighborhood. 442, 635 N.E.2d 781 (1994), and People v. Rainge, 211 Ill.App.3d 432, 155 Ill.Dec. Some original Ohio & Noble Gaylords included Anthony Johnny Boy Anarina and Bobby Shipbaugh. Blue-and-black flower arrangements shaped like pitchforks, the gang's colors and emblem, surrounded his casket. 433, 647 N.E.2d 926 (1995)). 691, 534 N.E.2d 1296 (1989). Defense counsel made a motion in limine outside of the presence of the jury to limit Officer Cesar Echeverria's anticipated testimony regarding statements made to him by the defendant on September 26, 1995, as Echeverria searched for the weapon used in the murder of the defendant's friend, Floco. CAN YOU ANSWER THESE COMMON GRAMMAR DEBATES? Darrell Johnson stated that he saw the Latin Lover point a large black gun at Bull's car from the driver's side of the car he was in Darrell Johnson state that he told Lurch to drive away when he saw the gun. He said he did not have any. Officer Granias looked in the front window and saw people milling around, including a tall subject in a white T-shirt, and two other male Hispanic subjects wearing black or dark hoodies. David, Nelson and defendant were all arrested and taken to Area 5 headquarters. In Rainge, as in Williams, the witness himself testified as to his fear and actual threats made towards him or his family. Arroyo testified that as he was driving, he noticed a grey car on the east side of Washtenaw on Cortland. Shortly thereafter, defendant walked in and Gloria asked him what was going on. *** Astol Arroyo states as he turned right on Wabansia he saw a grey car driving west on Cortland. He's told me many times. The court also asked, How many times in that 6 year period have you been in contact with Mr. Barajas? Echeverria stated, Numerous times. Assistant State's Attorney John Kirby said the evidence against Almodovar included a sign-in sheet that recorded the names of gang members who attended the Feb. 13 meeting. Relative to defendant's posttrial motion, the defendant, in that motion stated, in pertinent part: 6. Chicago's most famous gangster, Al Capone, found that paying off politicians made good business sense. The victim, an elderly male suffering from a fatal gunshot wound, was found in the parking lot of his business at Elston and Berteau, a short distance from the Pulaski and Irving intersection. Imperial Gangster Nation History. A year earlier, Mell's campaign fund paid Rolon $350 for help on Election Day. The State proceeded by way of stipulation of testimony by a firearms examiner and expert. Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. In a landmark 1927 study, "The Gang," sociologist Frederic M. Thrasher explained that gang members, especially those who were newly arrived in America and desperate for work, were eager to perform illicit political chores, from stealing ballot boxes to slugging rivals. In closing arguments Thursday, Cook County Assistant State's Attorney Mark Shlifka told jurors that "very rarely do we see the genesis, the beginning of what leads to the end result. 7. manhood; manhunt; mania; maniac; manic; manicure; manicured; Cite this Entry Crimes Associated With: Narcotic Sales, assaults, weapon sales, and drive-by shootings. The State called Assistant State's Attorney Kevin Golden. Vergara testified that the defendant told him that he was no longer a member of the Latin Lovers gang and went to Mexico after the burial of his friend Floco because his father was sick and possibly dying. Vergara stated that defendant also told him that on the afternoon of September 27, 1995, he was at his girlfriend's house until approximately 10 p.m. Richard Mell's 33rd Ward political organization, reputedly could be seen on Election Days marshaling gang members to work for favored political candidates in Humboldt Park and Logan Square. The house located at 2319 North California Avenue was the home of Latin Lovers gang members and was frequented by gang members from that area. Gang Expert Gabe Morales discusses the origins of the Maniac Latin Disciples gang in Chi-Town as shown in his book "Chicago-Based Gangs: Beyond Folks and Peo. I, 10; Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. However, a defendant may preserve an issue for appeal by either raising the issue in a motion in limine or objecting at trial and also raising the issue in a posttrial motion. Nelson confronted the victim and told him give me the money. The victim turned and defendant grabbed his papers. Officer Souchet's testimony established that on August 18, 1997, at approximately 11 p.m., he made a traffic stop at 2317 North Milwaukee. Accordingly, we remand the cause to the circuit court for retrial. Accordingly, it is hereby ordered that the consecutive sentences for aggravated discharge of a firearm be modified to run concurrently with the sentence for first degree murder. He arrived at the funeral home to make the arrangements wearing a Water Department hat and driving a city car, witnesses said. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Alleged hate group members suspected of burglaries", "Street Gangs Chicago Based or Influenced: People Nation and Folk Nation", "The Young Lords and Early Chicago Puerto Rican Gangs", "18-month gang investigation leads to arrest of 9", Chicago Gaylords, Chicago Street Gangs, Chicago Gang Information, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Gaylords&oldid=1152079706, Mostly White Americans. Howard, 305 Ill.App.3d at 308, 238 Ill.Dec. His testimony provided information regarding the Maniac Latin Disciples and the Latin Lovers in the 14th District. Borrowed at first in French form. A top-ranking member of the Maniac Latin Disciples street gang was convicted Thursday of orchestrating an ambitious plot to slaughter members of their Northwest Side rivals, the Spanish Cobras. If they get violation, they have to go through with it. Relative to the motion in limine to redact portions of the defendant's confession, the Mason court also held that the trial court erred in denying that motion because the evidence was irrelevant and prejudicial. Or maybe de Champaigne was a Maniac Latin Disciple. Johnson stated that he did not remember being in the vehicle, who was in the vehicle, who shot Givens, who took Givens to the hospital, or any other details of the day Givens was shot. Because in jail it is separated just between folks or people. The circuit court had previously denied defendant's pretrial motion to suppress his statement. The prosecution's case hinged on the testimony of two Disciples turned state's witnesses, Rene "Monk" Quinones, 25, and John "Fuzzy" Rose, 22. The State called Dr. Barry Lifshultz, a staff forensic pathologist of the Cook County medical examiner's Office, to testify. And the guy you knew, where was he at in the other vehicle? They roll with the 6 point star the folk nation. Q. She testified Nelson and defendant were members of the Maniac Latin Disciples, and that David Rivera owned a gray Honda with tinted windows. Radkins' wife was driving and entered the alley off Berteau to access their garage. Etymology of maniac. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com/word/maniac. The detective told him there were a number of State's Attorneys in the office who were reviewing the case, they were deciding who was going to be charged, and what charges were going to be placed.. Internet Video Archive. "They got wives. During their peak period, the Chicago Gaylords held sets (or sections) on the North Side, West side, and the South Side of Chicago. Is testifying in court against another gang member considered tricking to the gang? At defendant's jury trial, Anna Torres testified for the State that on September 27, 1995, at about 1 p.m., she observed a four-door vehicle traveling on Washtenaw with a grey vehicle following closely behind it. at 2097, 100 L.Ed.2d at 713), and the State bears a heavy burden to prove that a waiver of counsel following invocation of that right was knowing and intelligent (People v. Washington, 68 Ill.2d 186, 11 Ill.Dec. *** Only thing he can testify the defendant voiced his anger at Disciples as was stated in the police report. The judge asked defense counsel if she had any problem with that. Defense counsel stated that she did not. According to the witnesses, Almodovar then called an emergency meeting of the Talman/Wabansia faction of the Disciples on Feb. 13, where he ordered all of them except the "gunners" to go home and to remain indoors for five days to avoid retribution from the Cobras and scrutiny from police. Radkins went to the alley and saw computer papers and ledger sheets, which he had not seen before. Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33, 40, 109 S.Ct. It fell out of the window, I think, says the little maniac. The offenses here occurred as a part of a single course of conduct in which there was no substantial change in the nature of the criminal objective. However, the two counts of aggravated discharge did not result in severe bodily harm to the victims of those felonies. In determining whether a statement by police is reasonably likely to elicit such a response, the focus is primarily upon the perceptions of the suspect rather than upon the intent of the police. Rose, he contended, agreed to testify after police dropped a weapons charge against him and because he owed Almodovar $3,000 for cocaine. David parked the Honda on the same side of the street as the factory and observed the employees pull all the trucks into the lot and leave in cars. He and through him he assigns different leaders to the corners. Nglish: Translation of maniac for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of maniac for Arabic Speakers. And even something lower than that would be the shorties, which are kids that are too young to join the gang.. Maniac. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/maniac. The court found Echeverria to be a gang expert in the 14th District. Dictionary.com Unabridged Albazi glanced at two males running through an alley. Dr. Eupil Choi testified the victim died of two gunshot wounds to the chest. Nelson gave a statement to police and two assistant State's Attorneys at 5:05 a.m. borrowed from Middle French & Medieval Latin; Middle French maniaque "mad, frenzied," (as noun) "madman, lunatic," borrowed from Medieval Latin maniacus (as both noun and adjective), going back to Late Latin, "mad, maniacal," borrowed from Late Greek maniaks, from Greek mana "madness, frenzy, mania" + -akos, variant of -ikos -ic entry 1 before a vowel, circa 1763, in the meaning defined at sense 1. Defendant presents the following issues upon appeal: (1) whether the trial court erred in allowing a Chicago police officer to testify as a gang expert regarding gang hierarchy, territory, rivalries, gang rules, and drug sales; and (2) whether his sentences for first degree murder and aggravated discharge of a firearm should be modified to run concurrently. He was sentenced to 34 years' imprisonment for first degree murder and 4 years' imprisonment for each count of aggravated discharge of a firearm, to be served consecutively. 730 ILCS 5/5-5-1(b) (West 1994); see Whitney, 188 Ill.2d at 100, 241 Ill.Dec. 909, 653 N.E.2d 1371. A bag with approximately nine grams of crystal methamphetamine were found in the car that they were arrested in. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Retrial is permitted even though evidence is insufficient to sustain a verdict once erroneously admitted evidence has been discounted; for purposes of double jeopardy all evidence submitted at the original trial may be considered when determining the sufficiency of the evidence. People v. Enoch, 122 Ill.2d 176, 186, 119 Ill.Dec. While at Area 5, Arroyo was allowed to call his family and to visit with his infant daughter and girlfriend in an interview room for about 10 minutes with the door open. Two of the most powerful Gaylord sections existed in Logan Square: Lawndale and Altgeld (L-A section) and Palmer and California (Palmer Street). Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2023, Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition People v. Birdsall, 172 Ill.2d 464, 480, 219 Ill.Dec. The three were also associated with the Maniac Latin Disciples, according to the court documents. Defendant also asked the trial court, in its motion in limine, to redact portions of his confession which included a report on a meeting in Gage Park between the defendant and other named persons where the defendant discussed mak[ing] a more powerful mob. Mason, 274 Ill.App.3d at 722, 210 Ill.Dec. Usually, at the end of each day, the victim took the day's money proceeds and paperwork home, but on December 13, 1995, the date of the incident, the victim's wife took the money home around 8:15 p.m. James Radkins testified that shortly before 9 p.m. that evening, he arrived with his family at their family home at 4150 North Springfield, at the intersection of Springfield and Berteau, across the street from the Alfa Restaurant Supply Company parking lot. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved $(datetime), from https://www.etymonline.com/word/maniac. Chicago gang Maniac Latin Disciples was founded by Albert "Hitler" Hernandez, who was killed by the rival Latin Kings. An evidence technician testified that on the evening of December 13, 1995, he found snow on the ground and paperwork lying behind the garage at 4150 N. Springfield, consisting of computer printouts, invoices and other papers. He could not recall whether the assistant State's Attorney read the statement to him or whether he made corrections or signed each page. Where the facts are essentially uncontroverted and the credibility of witnesses is not at issue, de novo review is appropriate. In Bradshaw, when the defendant asked, Well, what is going to happen to me now? the officer responded with a warning rather than with information. On each side of the driver of the galloping steeds stood a man, shouting like a maniac of the boatswain type. The State called Officer John Souchet to testify. The man in the parking lot was yelling for help. This evidence, standing alone, was sufficient to sustain the verdict against defendant; defendant's statement to police was helpful but unnecessary. 770, 720 N.E.2d 225. 86, 538 N.E.2d 461 (1989). He testified that he was not aware of any gang rule that said that folks don't testify against folks. He testified that a violation is when you get beat up by other members of the gang. Arroyo was driving and Darrell Johnson was in the passenger seat next to him. Or maybe the fact that you can kind of see all five fingers represents the gang signs and the devil horns uncurling into an annunciation . [7] It must also be noted that the Uptown Rebels were suspected of the murder and were more likely the real perpetrators of the crime. Defendant then gave a statement. at 2833, 77 L.Ed.2d at 410. He stated that prior to the incident, he and Nelson discussed robbing the man at Alfa Restaurant Supply, who, Nelson said, would have money in a briefcase. Back home, Nelson looked pale and said he shouldn't have shot the man. We speak to citizens. The double jeopardy clause precludes a second, or successive, trial for the purpose of affording the prosecution another opportunity to supply evidence it failed to muster in the first proceeding. But Lasseroe was a maniac now and he wanted to take the life away from the jewelry designer. Arroyo stated that on October 4, 1995, a week after the shooting, he spoke with Detective Wojcik about the shooting. William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 HarperCollins The State responds that Echeverria's testimony concerning gang rules and alliances in prison was properly admitted to explain why Darrell Johnson and Astol Arroyo identified defendant as the shooter prior to trial but did not do so at trial. Wojcik stated that the during the entire visit, he or his partners could see into the interview room. The rival gangs in question, I will allow that., Officer Cesar Echeverria testified that he had been a member of the Chicago police department gang tactical unit for approximately eight years. Golden also interviewed Darrell Johnson on September 9, 1997. On cross-examination, Shebish testified that Arroyo provided him with a description of the offenders and the vehicle driven by the offenders. Johnson's statement provided, in pertinent part: Darrell Johnson states that on September 27, 1995, at about 12:50 p.m. he was in Eric Givens' car with Eric and Astol Arroyo. Because defendant's conviction is set aside on account of a trial error, we consider whether the evidence at trial was sufficient to convict. 671, 645 N.E.2d 923 (1994). I want to talk to them.. Do you know what neighborhood he is from? Const., amends. 472, 495 N.E.2d 1207 (1986). c. 1600, "affected with mania, raving with madness," from French maniaque (14c. The circuit court erred in denying defendant's motion to suppress the statement. In the instant case, Echeverria provided testimony from which the trier of fact could make inferences. See People v. Jackson, 145 Ill.App.3d 626, 633-35, 99 Ill.Dec. 2023. Accessed 2 May. . Where, as here, the issue is whether the accused himself initiated further communication (Oregon v. Bradshaw, 462 U.S. 1039, 1044, 103 S.Ct. Arroyo further testified that in September 1995 the Latin Lovers and Maniac Latin Disciples were at war at times. He also stated that he was aware that about 10 hours before the shooting of Eric Givens, a Latin Lover named Floco had been murdered. MS. COLLINS [defense attorney]: Judge, I would agree with that. Over the next decade, according to accounts, Rolon tried to take a lower profile in the street-level operations of the Disciples, working on political campaigns and rising in rank from a laborer in the Streets and Sanitation Department to his current position as a caulker in the Water Department. The victim said that two men approached him and told him to give them his money. A. It just so happened all Scorpions flipped to Maniacs. The witnesses included Victor Sanchez, a Spanish Cobra who lost the sight in both eyes to a Disciple bullet. He had been qualified to testify in court as a gang expert on two previous occasions. A request for counsel raise [s] the presumption that he is unable to proceed without a lawyer's advice. Arizona v. Roberson, 486 U.S. 675, 683, 108 S.Ct. Is that where he was a member of the Latin Lovers, from that neighborhood? Now, are there rules regarding respect toward other gang members? It would almost be less disturbing if he was showing some kind of sign he was a homicidal maniac. Souchet stated that the defendant was arrested. In Mason, the testimony of a police officer included: the names of the two umbrella organizations of street gangs in Chicago; the names of active gangs in Illinois; how members signify their affiliation through clothing, hand signs, verbal manifestations, graffiti and tattoos; how one shows disrespect to a rival gang; the names of Hoover, King, and other top gang leaders; and a statement that the Gangster Disciples gang is trying to legitimize themselves by becoming a Political Action Committee which they call growth and development. Mason, 274 Ill.App.3d at 720-21, 210 Ill.Dec. maniac (adj.) FindLaw.com Free, trusted legal information for consumers and legal professionals, SuperLawyers.com Directory of U.S. attorneys with the exclusive Super Lawyers rating, Abogado.com The #1 Spanish-language legal website for consumers, LawInfo.com Nationwide attorney directory and legal consumer resources. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(a) (West 1994). While Blagojevich decided later to return the money, campaign officials also say that the check had bounced. The Maniac Latin Disciples Nation is a Hispanic street gang in Chicago and one of the largest in the Folks Nation alliance. One of the assisting officers, Officer Rodriguez, observed that one of the passengers was the defendant and stated that she believed he was wanted for a homicide case. He heard between seven and nine shots fired. Rivals Maffot and Campbell Gaylords. Justice SHEILA M. O'BRIEN delivered the opinion of the court: The email address cannot be subscribed. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966); People v. McCauley, 163 Ill.2d 414, 206 Ill.Dec. He apparently has employed those same skills to orchestrate the manpower of the Disciples at election time. Copyright 2023, Thomson Reuters. 918, 570 N.E.2d 431 (1991). DuPrey, however, said Rolon only worked for his campaign "on a very limited basis" and that he had no knowledge of an organized effort by the Disciples to aid his candidacy. If the defendant's comment or question does not express a desire for a generalized discussion about the investigation, the officer must not respond in a manner which police should know is reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response. He testified that the defendant told him that, on the day of the shooting, he was on the corner of Milwaukee and California. The West side sections included Ohio and Noble, Ohio and Leclaire and Monticelllo and Augusta. The others are still awaiting trial. More turf for the Gaylords opened up across the north side, as middle-class Whites left for the suburbs, leaving poor Whites behind to fend for themselves in increasingly Puerto Rican, Mexican, and African American city slums. proluit. https://www.etymonline.com/word/maniac (accessed $(datetime)). Having found error in the circuit court's denial of the defendant's motion to suppress, we consider whether the cause may be remanded for a new trial. 658, 712 N.E.2d 380. *** That is called tricking or you are called a trick. After a conversation with Gloria, Officer Granias went to 1839 North Harding in Chicago, arriving at 10 p.m. The victim then pushed Nelson's gun hand. Q. He came out with a gun and started shooting. 128, 626 N.E.2d 161 (1993). The testimony revealed that police spoke with Nelson at 2 a.m. and with defendant at approximately 2:30 a.m. and gave both Miranda warnings. Officer Christine Caraballo testified she was one of the officers whom Mr. Albazi summoned to the scene, that she found the victim shot in the chest, bleeding, lying in the snow in the parking lot. "If the gang gets really committed to it, you can swing some votes.". Garry McCarthy declared war on the Maniac Latin Disciples after two young girls were shot in a Northwest Side park earlier this month. Nelson said he wished to make a statement; defendant said he did not wish to speak with police without an attorney present. *** Darrell Johnson states that Bull thought maybe the guy in the grey car was a customer, but that when Darrell looked at the guy he recognized him to be a member of the Latin Lovers street gang, which Darrell states were Maniac Latin Disciple's rivals at that time. The Dec. 7 attack was believed a retaliation for a shots-fired incident that happened on Dec.. Johnson's grand jury testimony includes the following pertinent parts: Q. On appeal, defendant first contends his confession should have been suppressed because it was given after he had requested counsel and in response to a statement made by police that was reasonably likely to prompt an incriminating statement. She testified Nelson and defendant were members of the Maniac Latin Disciples, and that David Rivera owned a gray Honda with tinted windows. When letters make sounds that aren't associated w One goose, two geese. MR. GALIVAN [Assistant State's Attorney]: As well as higherarchy [sic], gang rules. For the most part folks will respect people and people will respect folks. THE COURT: Territory in question. The trio returned again, saw three trucks, and left a third time, to get food. And that is accepted by the gang members once they join. 531, 606 N.E.2d 363. Saying maniac in Asian Languages. Anonymous Plot summary Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! "M" stands for Maniac Latin Disciples College Minnesota Northstars People Nation 5-Point Star Minnesota Twins Maniac Latin Disciples Initial: "M" stands for Maniac . The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Jose BARAJAS, Defendant-Appellant. Mason, 274 Ill.App.3d at 722, 210 Ill.Dec. . I had to cut this one short because the file size was just to bigwhat I cut was Necko's Wrongful convictionalso I drove a little deeper in that Loca D and Ma. Let's get to the issues that are necessary. Borrowed at first in French form. . I don't know. Starting in the early 1990s, they staged protests at City Hall, persuaded politicians to lobby the state parole board for Hoover's release and created 21st Century VOTE to support local candidates. Gang higherarchy [sic] is mainly how the system is set up as far as leader, one leader which the gang calls a chief. Defendant's statement indicated further that, following this discussion, the defendant, together with Nelson and David, went straight to the factory, i.e., Alfa's. When they saw only one truck in the parking lot, they left. In it, defendant admitted he was Maniac Latin Disciple and that Nelson Coco Rivera was also a Maniac Latin Disciple. 725 ILCS 5/116-1 (West 1994). Detective Ronald Koncz testified for the defense that he interviewed Anna Torres and she gave him a description of the shooter. The officer advised Olivera of his rights a second time, then Olivera stated he had not been alone when he shot the victim. Officer Granias testified that he also went to the scene. The Illinois Supreme Court held that the defendant's inquiry about the results of the lineup did not evince a desire for generalized discussion concerning the investigation, which constituted a knowing and intelligent waiver of his Miranda rights. Q. Defendant's job was to take the money; Nelson's job was to put the gun on him. They planned to use David Rivera's car. 7 25. They had their own clubhouses and baseball teams. He stated, You do not have to talk to me. The politicians repaid the gang members with city jobs and protection from police, money for sports equipment and rent for their clubhouses. The State has conceded this point.

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