Man, that looks like a homework question. When Zoroastrianism and Islam had a encounter resulted in the virtual disappearance of Zoroastrianism from Sassanid Empire. The most important reason for Islam spreading so quickly was trade routes connecting to different areas. Through commerce, Islam spread amongst the Somali population in the coastal cities. of not just the Koran, but including the Bible, which is believed to first be written in Aramaic, or the Old Testament, the For instance, they represented Ali as the tenth avatar of Vishnu and wrote hymns as well as a mahdi purana in their effort to win converts. Another important thing to note is that not all military expansion was Arab and Muslim. Between the eighth and ninth centuries, Arab traders and travelers, then African clerics, began to spread the religion along the eastern coast of Africa and to the western and central Sudan (literally, "Land of Black people"), stimulating the development of urban communities. Is it? in the pagan-dominated town of Mecca. Direct link to Wombat mal lch's post Hello! were given the choice "of conversion or death." We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us. The Mosque of Umar, opposite the doors of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, with the tall minaret, is known as the place to which he retired for his prayer. Following the decisive Battle of Yarmouk in 636, the former Byzantine states of Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon were conquered by the Muslim armies. Or, is it simply saying that people within the given areas gradually began to accept Islam more and more? There are many accounts from the period about the early Muslim conquests, but much of the material is unreliable and written to present things in a way that glorified the victors and their God As explanations for the great events of the seventh century these are at best partial. as people of the book, but it included Jews, How did the caliphate develop after the death of Muhammad? lives, Mohammed's own life. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Some of the Muslims that were granted protection are said to have then settled in several parts of the Horn region to promote the religion. This assimilation is evident in the mix of Islamic traditions with pre-Islamic belief systems in syncretic religious systems. [54] After the Saffarids and Samanids, the Ghaznavids re-conquered Transoxania, and invaded the Indian subcontinent in the 11th century. On his way to Volga Bulgaria, Ibn Fadlan brought detailed reports of the Rus, claiming that some had converted to Islam. Therefore, a knowledge of the Muslim conquest and loss of Spain is crucial to understanding the flow of information. It's really just the feature thing, really. Muslims did not pay this tax as they already pay 2.5% of their wealth to charity every year as part of one of the pillars their faith. "But if they cease, then there is to be "no aggression except Arab Muslim forces conquered vast territories and built imperial structures over time. Military campaigns continued without pause. This cultural exchange seems obvious to our modern sensibilities, but at the time, it was an entirely new way of thinking about the world. Islam spread through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries. So how was Muhammad successful with spreading Islamic faith? People disagreed with this event because they had different perspectives on what were the main events for Islam spreading so quickly. A painting depicting five men, one of whom has his face covered. aren't showing on this map, those happened later on Regional rulers, who did not have to manage such vast territories, were able to expand more fruitfully in single directions. [17], Muslim Arab expansion in the first centuries after Prophet Muhammad's death soon established dynasties in North Africa, West Africa, to the Middle East, and south to Somalia by the Companions of the Prophet, most notably the Rashidun Caliphate and military advents of Khalid Bin Walid, Amr ibn al-As and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas. In 1238 James I of Aragon took Valencia. "Truly God likes not the transgressors. like the Spanish Inquisition, or some aspects of the Crusades, or some of what we saw in the New World with the conquistadors, where Other estimates suggest that Muslims were not a majority in Egypt until the mid-10th century and in the Fertile Crescent until 1100. [79] The Naqshbandis are the most prominent of these orders, especially in Kashgaria, where the western Chagatai Khan was also a disciple of the order.[79]. As the tribal links that had so dominated Umayyad politics began to break down, the meaningfulness of tying non-Arab converts to Arab tribes as clients was diluted; moreover, the number of non-Muslims who wished to join the ummah was already becoming too large for this process to work effectively. [39] (Other sources question how much the native population welcomed the conquering Muslims.)[40]. Muslim conquerors ordinarily wished to dominate rather than convert, and most conversions to Islam were voluntary. In the 1330s, the Mongol ruler of the Chagatai Khanate (in Central Asia) converted to Islam, causing the eastern part of his realm (called Moghulistan) to rebel. This can be seen with the Ottomans taxing trade between Europe and the rest of the world, since Europe was Christian. Especially relative to the Old Testament, which tends to be much more absolute when someone is disliked by God, whole cities or peoples Having accepted the surrender, Omar then entered Jerusalem with Sophronius "and courteously discoursed with the patriarch concerning its religious antiquities". This conquest was made much easier by the weakness of the Sassanid Empire, which was wounded by internal conflicts and a lengthy war with the Byzantine Empire. they have expelled you, "and persecution is worse than killing." The Umayyads also minted Islamic coins and developed a more sophisticated bureaucracy, in which governors named. But this mixture of motives combined to form a process that forged Islamic and Arab ideals and communities into a fast-growing religious and political identity. The reasons that by the end of the 10th century, a large part of the population had converted to Islam are diverse. [44] However, new scholarship has appeared that provides more nuance and details of the conversion of the Christian inhabitants to Islam. [27] That theory does not explain the continuing existence of large minorities of Christians during the Abbasids. It includes a feeling of a "growing universalistic Islamic identity" as often shared by Muslim immigrants and their children who live in non-Muslim countries: The increased integration of world societies as a result of enhanced communications, media, travel, and migration makes meaningful the concept of a single Islam practiced everywhere in similar ways, and an Islam which transcends national and ethnic customs.[32]. "The question of why Direct link to i 's post After the death of Muhamm, Posted 5 years ago. about in most cases worldly and spiritual motives for The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests ( Arabic: , romanized : al-Futt al-Islmiyya ), [4] also referred to as the Arab conquests, [5] were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the main Islamic prophet. Debates raged about the nature of Islamic leadership and religious authority. The result, he points out, can be seen in the diversity of Muslim societies today, with varying manifestations and practices of Islam. Because back in ancient times, the Arabian Peninsula was about as close to the middle of the world as possible. elite Arab Muslim ruling class and they weren't that interested in spreading their religion. Muhammad bin Qasim The first great expansion of Islam into India came during the Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs, who were based in Damascus. In general, they were not forced to convert, but they suffered from restrictions. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. [20], Ira M. Lapidus distinguishes between two separate strands of converts of the time: animists and polytheists of tribal societies of the Arabian Peninsula and the Fertile Crescent and the native Christians and Jews existing before the Muslims arrived. On the east coast of Africa, where Arab mariners had for many years journeyed to trade, mainly in slaves, Arabs founded permanent colonies on the offshore islands, especially on Zanzibar, in the 9th and 10th century. Seizing the opportunity, an Arab-led (but mostly Berber) army invaded in 711, and by 720 had conquered the southern and central regions of the peninsula. Explains that the world was forever changed by the rise and subsequent spread of islam. Just a question, I've often heard about the Umayyad Tax Policy (taxing non-muslims more than muslims, as touched on by Sal at. It depends on the context and the manner in which the "new" serves better than "what came before.". [19] The latter period of that phase was marked by the Mongol invasion (particularly the Siege of Baghdad in 1258) and, after an initial period of persecution, the conversion of those conquerors to Islam. Men fought for their religion, the prospect of booty and because their friends and fellow tribesmen were also doing it. Direct link to Leo Williams's post Just a question, I've oft, Posted 2 months ago. Is persecution worse than killing? A depiction of Mohammed (top, veiled) and the first four Caliphs. The political status of Islam, and the role Muhammad had given it as a political as well as a religious force, was reinforced in the military conquests. Was It caused because the Zoroastrianism system was weak or because Islam is most effective in synthesis of the two spiritual traditions? [37] Berber troops were used extensively by the Arabs in their conquest of Spain, which began in 711. But their opponents also had firm ideological commitments and there is no reason to assume that individuals were likely to be any less brave. From there Arab trade routes into the interior of Africa helped the slow acceptance of Islam. In the wake of the Ridda wars, and of the Arabs' sudden conquest of most of the Near East, the new religion became identified more sharply as a monotheism for the Arab people. Without a doubt, military conquest was key in Islam's rapid spread. A depiction of a caravan traveling along the Silk Road around the fourteenth century. Direct link to David Alexander's post When a translation is poo. Through continued trade between Arab Muslims and Indians, Islam continued to spread in coastal Indian cities and towns, both through immigration and conversion. Direct link to Hecretary Bird's post Having a shared religion , Posted 5 years ago. Mass Conversion to Islam: Theories and Protagonists", The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, p. 212, The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. "Fight them until there is no persecution "and until worship is You may have this backwards. Indeed, it was the later Persian Safavid and Turkish Ottoman empires, neither of which was Arab, out of which the modern Islamic world was carved. Many Christians, such as John of Damascus, held important offices at their court. community, of the ummah, goes to the kalifs, and [68] Eventually, after numerous wars sapped its strength, the Mughal Empire was broken into smaller powers like Shia Nawab of Bengal, the Nawab of Awadh, the Nizam of Hyderabad, and the Kingdom of Mysore, which became the major Asian economic and military power on the Indian subcontinent. The Arab expansion pushed over the mountains into southern France, and for a short period Arabs controlled the old Visigothic province of Septimania (centered on present-day Narbonne). Muslim conquests following Muhammad's death led to the creation of the caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces conquering vast territories and building imperial structures over time. A drawing of a group of people traveling on horseback in a straight line. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Shortly afterwards the Muslim army attacked the Sassanid Empire in Iraq, gaining a massive victory in 637 at the Battle of Qadasiya, and gradually conquering more and more of Iraq over the next dozen years. The Ajuran and Adal Sultanates, and the wealthy Mali Empire, in North Africa, the Delhi, Deccan, and Bengal Sultanates, and Mughal and Durrani Empires, and Kingdom of Mysore and Nizam of Hyderabad in the Indian subcontinent, the Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Samanids in Persia, Timurids, and the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia significantly changed the course of history. modern notion that we have of passive resistance, "In some cases, the diffusion of Islam "depended on its adoption There are many stories of descendants of Visigothic chieftains and Roman counts whose families converted to Islam during this period. The first three decades of Charlemagne's reign were dominated by military campaigns, which were prompted by a variety of factors: the need to defend his realm against external foes and internal separatists, a desire for conquest and booty, a keen sense of opportunities offered by changing power relationships, and an urge to spread Christianity. Islam did a better job than the religions that preceded it in the areas where it took root. Early on in Islamic history, under the. The Rashidun caliphate constructed a massive empire out of many swift military victories. Yet the Marwanids also depended heavily on the help of non-Arab administrative personnel and on administrative practices (e.g., a set of government bureaus). In the image of Muhammad and the Four Caliphs, I noticed that Muhammad isnt just wearing a veil, but his sleeves are covering his hands, his pant legs go over his shoe tops, and his attire seems to have a bit more volume. They were clearly Muslim, and Visit BBC Webwise for full instructions. the Balkans, and India," so these are regions that we The Arab Muslim rulers were not purely motivated by religion, nor was their success attributed to the power of Islam alone, though religion certainly played a part. "Indeed, there is no superiority "of an Arab over a non-Arab, It was perhaps this political decentralization and destabilization that led to the spread of Islam beyond the massive Abbasid empires borders. Muslims now lived within an elaborated system of ritual, doctrine and law clearly different from those of non-Muslims. With the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires on the decline and strategically disadvantaged, Arab Muslim armies were able to quickly take over vast territories that once belonged to the Byzantines and Sasanians and even conquer beyond those territories to the east and west. While the tensions that led to the development of these sects were certainly present in the early history of Islam, it took centuries for different religious interpretations to become organized into clear schools of thought. 1 Military Conquest. Lindley-Highfield, M. (2008) '"Muslimization", Mission and Modernity in Morelos: the problem of a combined hotel and prayer hall for the Muslims of Mexico'. of this Muslim community at the time of Mohammed's death. During the seventh century, after subduing rebellions in the Arabian peninsula, Arab Muslim armies began to swiftly conquer territory in the neighboring Byzantine and Sasanian empires and beyond. Andalusia, http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/ihame/Sec5.htm I encourage you to look up For four months, the siege continued. As Muslim Turks migrated into the Islamic empires, other groups invaded, including the Mongols. Now on the other hand, As a result, the Muslim population in Europe has steadily risen. On this timeline here, the Scholars reject the stereotype that this process was initially "spread by the sword" or forced conversions. However, the era that followed under the rule . In 969, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, John VII, was put to death for treasonous correspondence with the Byzantines. and spiritual motives "for conversion blended together." Considerable controversy exists as to how conversion to Islam came about in the Indian subcontinent. Direct link to Ricshawna Williams's post who did the first four ca, Posted 4 years ago. From the Subhat al-Akhbar, a 17th-century Ottoman painting. The Islamic conquests, which culminated in the Arab empire being established across three continents ( Asia, Africa, and Europe ), enriched the Muslim world, achieving the economic preconditions for the emergence of this institution owing to the emphasis attached to Islamic teachings. Alongside the terminology of the "spread of Islam", scholarship of the subject has also given rise to the terms "Islamization",[a] "Islamicization",[14] and "Islamification" (Arabic: , romanized:aslamah). These campaigns, known as the apostasy or ridda wars, effectively consolidated Arabia into a single country under Muslim control within two years. [26] Governors lodged complaints with the caliph when he enacted laws that made conversion easier since that deprived the provinces of revenues from the tax on non-Muslims. Main articles: Arab-Byzantine Wars, Byzantine-Seljuq wars, Byzantine-Ottoman Wars. Harun Abu Jafar (786-809), sent the keys of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to Charlemagne, who built a hospice for Latin pilgrims near the shrine.[34]. The objective of the conquests was mostly of a practical nature, as fertile land and water were scarce in the Arabian Peninsula. Direct link to Evan Indge's post Now, Sal repeatedly menti, Posted 6 years ago. The initial conversions were of a flexible nature. Oftentimes they're proven wrong. From the 9th century onwards, the Turks (at least individually, if not yet through adoption by their states) began to convert to Islam. the revelations from God, and the brown period is when Ottoman Connections to the Malay World: Islam, Law and Society, Kuala Lumpur: The Other Press, 2011 (, This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 00:45. [71], In the mid 7th century AD, following the Muslim conquest of Persia, Islam penetrated into areas that would later become part of European Russia. Muslim merchants from the Arabian Peninsula had to pass through these islands of the south via the maritime Silk Roads to reach China's ports. Different religions would make trade harder. However, this unity was tentative and ultimately gave way to major divergences that disrupted state and religious institutions in the coming centuries. The first complete translation of the Qur'an into Persian occurred during the reign of Samanids in the 9th century. [5], As of 2016, there were 1.7 billion Muslims,[6][7] with one out of four people in the world being Muslim,[8] making Islam the second-largest religion. Image credit: After the fall of the Abbasids, alternative social and political structures filled the vacuum. For centuries after the Arab conquest, European accounts of Arab rule in Iberia were negative. This powerful provocation helped ignite the flame of fury that led to the First Crusade. What's particularly surprising is how fast Islam spread shortly after that. There are many great women in Islam,and they definitely did their part in making Islam what it is today. This is not necessarily through conquest or conversion, but mostly through current demographics. [73] A centuries later example that can be counted amongst the earliest introductions of Islam into Eastern Europe came about through the work of an early 11th-century Muslim prisoner whom the Byzantines captured during one of their wars against Muslims. [21], The empire spread from the Atlantic Ocean to the Aral Sea, from the Atlas Mountains to the Hindu Kush. Image credit: Before the Umayyads, Islamic rule was non-centralized. The Abbasids five-century existence finally came to an end with the Mongol sacking of Baghdad in 1258.

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