Pistachios contain many essential nutrients. Antioxidants are substances that play a critical role in health. Like most nuts, pistachios are a source of the amino acid L-arginine, which is converted into nitric oxide in the body. However, a frequent misconception is that raw almonds should not be consumed, particularly during the heat. Pistachios are an excellent source of protein, antioxidants, and fiber. And while it may have some potential health benefits, it also carries severe risks. Their fiber andproteincan make you feel fuller for longer. Chestnuts are one of the nuts you need to eat more of, but you should never, ever eat horse chestnuts. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". A 2020 study found a daily serving of 1.5 oz of pistachios helped reduce body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference in males and females with obesity, compared to a control group who did not eat an extra serving of pistachios every day. Learn the difference between prebiotics and probiotics here. Previous studies on the potential health benefits of the compound have suggested the following benefits: More research on vitamin B17 is necessary to discover any potential health benefits of the compound. The shells would get cooked in a digester, and the gases produced as a result (mostly methane gas) would theoretically fuel the town. Can cyanide poisoning lead to any complications? While few studies have looked at the effects of pistachios on weight, those that exist are promising. The byproduct is an organic version of the well-known poison, cyanide. Harvested Poorly, Pistachios Can Be Deadly. Most of the research on vitamin B17 focuses on its associations with cancer, while research around its possible health benefits in other areas is sparse. It can be found on ma, This is an easy question that can be answered with a simple yes or no. The almond. Traces of HCN are also found in human exhaled breath. Learn the benefits of these alternative nut butters. The kernels can have different colors, ranging from yellow to shades of green. Among the possible health benefits of pistachios: High levels of unsaturated fatty acids and potassium. Interestingly, the antioxidants in pistachios are highly bioavailable. Another older 4-week study in people with high LDL cholesterol had participants consume 10% of their daily calories from pistachios (38). If that helps paint a picture, those raw cashews have been steamed to eliminate a toxin called urushiol, which is also present in poison ivy. It found that endothelium-dependent vasodilation improved by 30%, compared with when they followed a Mediterranean diet (39). Cyanide exposure can affect oxygen intake, so your doctor may administer 100 percent oxygen via a mask or endotracheal tube. Acute cyanide poisoning is relatively rare, and the majority of cases are from unintentional exposure. It may also lower blood pressure more than other nuts. Learn more about systolic and diastolic blood pressure here. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? A 1-ounce serving of pistachios, which is about 49 kernels, has about 159 calories and: 5.72 grams of protein 7.7 grams of carbs 12.85 grams of fat 3 grams of fiber Pistachios are cholesterol. We avoid using tertiary references. Theyre high in lutein and zeaxanthin, both of which promote eye health. 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. Their health effects may include weight loss benefits, lower cholesterol and blood sugar levels, and improved gut, eye, and blood vessel health. Learn the causes, treatments, and tips for prevention. Pesticides stick to the surface of apples and may be absorbed into the flesh underneath. This medication neutralizes cyanide at a slow enough rate to allow an enzyme called rhodanese to further detoxify cyanide in the liver. (2018). But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Symptoms of toxic cyanide exposure may appear within a few seconds to several minutes after exposure. Heart-Friendly Consuming pistachios in moderation may help in promoting heart health.. By contrast Iran . Despite this, the FDA issued a statement against laetrile in 1977, indicating that there was no evidence of the safety and efficacy of the drug. Youre most likely to encounter one of these forms during a building fire. Thai police have arrested a woman on suspicion that she murdered her friend with cyanide, as they investigate the unusual deaths of up to 12 people known to the accused. Aflatoxin, a chemical which can cause cancerous mold, has been found in some mistreated pistachios and has led to breakouts of disease in some parts of the world. However, no research supports it as an effective treatment and instead links it to potentially severe side effects. You may also be at risk for cyanide poisoning if you: If youre experiencing symptoms of acute cyanide poisoning, seek immediate emergency medical attention. Pistachios are a rich source of the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin, which are essential for eye health. The enzymatic hydrolysis of amygdalin is the source of cyanide in bitter almonds. In 1920, Dr. Ernst T. Krebs, Sr. formulated a theory that amygdalin could be effective against cancer, but it was too toxic for humans. You may be at risk for accidental exposure if you work in certain fields. The pistachio can do it all. If you come across a bitter-tasting or bad-smelling zucchini, don't eat it. Rancid pistachios aren't necessarily unsafe to eat, but the experience isn't pleasant. This novel blood clot treatment doesn't increase bleeding risk, Why young women have more adverse outcomes after a heart attack than young men, Gut microbiome appears to fluctuate throughout the day and across seasons, One-hour endoscopic procedure could eliminate the need for insulin for type 2 diabetes, New clues to slow aging? Feeding the good bacteria helps them multiply and crowd out harmful bacteria. They can lower your chances forcardiovascular disease.. 2. If left untreated, acute or chronic cyanide poisoning may cause: In some cases, cyanide poisoning may result in death. Its the healthy fats in cashews, called Mono Unsaturated Fats (MUFA), that make a difference. Last medically reviewed on April 6, 2023, Green tea has been associated with a range of health benefits, including weight loss, due to its rich nutritional and antioxidant make-up. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. However, like most food, pistachios will eventually go bad with prolonged storage. Antifreeze poisoning can lead to serious health complications if not treated early. DOI: Amizet L, et al. They kill in about 5 minutes. Cyanide is a natural substance that has been used in manufacturing gold, silver and copper alloys. The plans are still underway to see if this plan is plausible and were crossing our fingers for this pistachio-fueled town. Symptoms include vomiting, headache . Recipes you want to make. When it does occur, symptoms are sudden and severe. Buying pistachios in their shells slows down your eating. Mild-to-moderate cyanide poisoning may cause various symptoms, including: Symptoms of severe cyanide poisoning may include: The side effects of vitamin B17 may worsen if a person: People have used vitamin B17 as a cancer treatment since the 1800s, either alone or as part of a program of treatments. Eating pistachio nuts may aid weight loss. Food sources. Besides being a great snack, pistachios can be used in baking and cooking, adding a green or purple color to various dishes. In their natural condition, bitter almonds contain amounts of prussic acid, also known as hydrocyanic acid. Despite being an energy-dense food, nuts are one of the most weight loss-friendly foods. According to a study from the Hampshire College (.pdf), a 130-pound woman would have to eat around 10 pounds of rhubarb leaves to show symptoms of oxalic acid poisoning. This type of fat can help lower low-density lipoproteins (LDL), or bad cholesterol and reduce the risk of stroke. Pistachios are among the most antioxidant-rich nuts available. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Despite having a higher carb content than most nuts, pistachios have a low glycemic index, meaning they dont cause large blood sugar spikes (48, 49). There are ways to reduce your risk of cyanide exposure. Pistachios contain fewer calories and more protein than many other types of nuts. The squeeze cup slushy mak, 2022 JustALittleBite.com, All Rights Reserved. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1 ounce (oz), or approximately 49 kernels of unroasted, unsalted pistachios contain: Calories: 159Protein: 5.7 grams (g)Fat: 12.8 gCarbohydrates: 7.7 gFiber: 3.0 gSugars: 2.2 gMagnesium: 34.3 milligrams (mg)Potassium: 289.0 mgPhosphorus: 139 mgThiamin: 0.25 mgVitamin B6: 0.5 mg. A serving of pistachios provides about 37% of the recommended daily vitamin B6 intake or 1.3 mg for adults. Pistachios are a great source of healthy fats, fiber, protein, antioxidants, and various nutrients, including vitamin B6 and thiamine. Chemicals that are converted to cyanide may be found in the pits and seeds of popular fruits such apricots, apples, and peaches. Assuming that one apple seed weighs about half a gram, that means you'd have to eat your way through 200 pips. They also boast several other important nutrients, including vitamin B6 and potassium. Pistachios have a low glycemic index, which might promote lower blood sugar levels. Some almonds are very poisonous. Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. Meanwhile, none of these studies observed that eating pistachios harmed the blood lipid profile (37). Research reports that pistachios have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions, as they include: Learn more about the best antioxidant foods here. Its important that it works properly, as endothelial dysfunction is a risk factor for heart disease (41). We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Vitamin D 0%. While eating nuts has many health benefits, theyre typically high in calories. Bitter almonds contain traces of prussic acidalso known as hydrocyanic acidin its raw state. Learn more about daily calorie intake here. (2014). During the 17th century, pistachio trees were known in the Ukraine as pitch trees because they believed eating the trees pitch (which is kind of like a sap) would freshen your breath. They came to the United States in the mid-19th century and commercial production began in the 1970s. Vitamin B6 0%. People have been eating them for thousands of years. Bitter almonds that have been processed are safe to consume since the hydrogen cyanide has been leached off during the heating process. They make a healthy and delicious snack by themselves but can also be added to many healthy recipes. . A pregnant woman dubbed "Aem Cyanide" by netizens over her suspected role in the deaths of over a dozen people is now facing at least 10 charges, mostly for premeditated murder, as the police . When it does occur, its typically the result of smoke inhalation or accidental poisoning when working with or around cyanide. The pistachio tree originated in western Asia, and archaeologists believe pistachios became a food as early as 7,000 B.C. Learn more about the Mediterranean diet here. Potential symptoms of solanine poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, and sometimes cardiac arrest. Thats because they are rich in L-arginine, which, when converted into nitric oxide, helps dilate your blood vessels. Investigators have obtained evidence implicating a police officer in offences committed by alleged cyanide killer Sararat "Aem" Rangsiwuthaporn. The compound is particularly concentrated in potatoes that have started to turn green, and especially when they've begun to sprout. Regularly eating pistachios may help improve health and wellbeing. Pistachios are the seeds of the pistachio tree. Theyre usually green and slightly sweet. Arsenic in Wine: Should You Be Concerned? All rights reserved. The origin of cyanide content in bitter a As with any new meal, use caution: the high fat content in nuts may induce vomiting and diarrhea in dogs, according to the ASPCA. It is widely cultivated from Afghanistan to the Mediterranean region and in California. Your outlook will depend on the type of cyanide present, the dose, and how long you were exposed. With protein comprising about 14% of their calorie content, pistachios are second only to almonds when it comes to protein content (2, 19). See additional information. They can help you manage your weight since theyre a nutritious and satisfying snack. (2011). Pistachios can help to lower blood pressure and cholesterol, reducing the risk of cardiovascular problems. Last medically reviewed on July 29, 2021, Cassava is a root vegetable people eat worldwide. We avoid using tertiary references. Despite a lack of evidence, some people may still consider using vitamin B17 to treat cancer, sometimes as part of a metabolic therapy program. Cashew nuts that are still in the shell or that are shelled and roasted at home at lower temperatures may be contaminated with the oil. Amygdalin is a glycoside found in bitter almonds. Toxic substances generated spontaneously by living organisms are known as natural poisons. Eating pistachios in moderation should not affect a persons weight. Eating pistachios may increase the number of bacteria that produce beneficial short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. For a healthy mind and body, most health professionals recommend consuming a few almonds every day. Pistachios are a fiber-rich food source, which means that they help to ease constipation rather than cause it. DOI: Hamel J. Because pistachios have low caloric values and high fiber and protein content, they may benefit people who wish to manage their weight. Vitamin B6 plays a vital role in the body, particularly in relation to protein metabolism and cognitive development. One way to moderate pistachio intake is to buy shelled versions. Between the two layers of hard shell of a cashew are caustic chemicals called cardol and anacardic acid, both of which may cause severe burns. It is a simple and delicious chicken alfredo reci, Poultry is one of the most common types of meat consumed in the United States. Depending on how they're handled, potatoes can produce solanine, a natural pesticide that's toxic to humans. Is there any component of an almond that is poisonous? (2009). In terms of demand, the Asia Pacific region, which is the net exporter of sodium cyanide . 2. Bitter almonds may contain 49 mg of hydrogen cyanide per almond, which is 42 times more than the negligible quantities found in sweet almonds. Nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals: Efficacious roles of the nitrile pharmacophore. Evidence suggesting it is effective is largely anecdotal or originates from unsupported opinions. Apple seeds contain roughly 700 milligrams of hydrogen cyanide per kilogram, meaning that you'd need about 100 grams of the pips to take out a 150-pound person. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. They offer several health benefits, especially for the heart, gut, and waistline. Learn more about the Mediterranean diet here. Raw cassava can be toxic when people ingest it. Vitamin B6. Both haveantioxidantand anti-inflammatory traits. You may experience: If you suspect that you or a loved one is experiencing acute cyanide poisoning, seek immediate emergency medical attention. 4. There is a 10-minute ceiling limit for most cyanide salts of 4.7 ppm or 5 mg/m 3. In honor of National Pistachio Day, lets celebrate the versatility of this amazing nut with ten bizarre, yet surprising facts you may not have known about the pistachio. Gut bacteria then ferment the fiber and convert it into short-chain fatty acids, which may have several health benefits, including a reduced risk of developing digestive disorders, cancer, and heart disease (30, 31, 32). CNN . Restaurant recommendations you trust. All rights reserved. It also contains antioxidants that may . Summary. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. What to Eat Before, During and After Exercise. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29049303/, https://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth/basics/ced/index.html, https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/caring-for-your-eyes/diet-and-nutrition?sso=y, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7180342/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30747609/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29258268, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4890834/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809855/, https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/fats/monounsaturated-fats, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32947760/, https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170178/nutrients, https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170184/nutrients, https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1100543/nutrients, https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/7/2155/htm, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/, A safer blood thinner? Theyre usually about an inch long and half an inch in diameter. Pistachios are a very nutritious food. Pistachios Were Once Considered Exclusively The Food Of Royalty, https://www.tastemade.com/recipes/chocolate-brownie-skillet-with-pistachio-ice-cream. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. I dont think that food should be reduced to nutrients. Up to 67% of these studies have shown reductions in total and LDL (bad) cholesterol and increases in HDL (good) cholesterol (37). The almond is a popular tree nut that is loaded with important nutrients. 2023 Healthline Media LLC. If you have a nut allergy or are simply unsure, you may have wondered what exactly pistachios are and if they belong to the nut family. TRUTH: We're not sure why nuts get such a bad rap, but like sweet almonds, pistachios are not really toxic to animals. If we assume that one serving is about 1/4 cup, that's almost 1,800 cups of rice! The American Heart Association says that the majority of the fats in a persons diet should be monounsaturated fat to reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Pistachios can be enjoyed in a variety of ways. Nitriles arent as toxic because they dont easily release the carbon-nitrogen ion, which is what acts as a poison in the body. If you have fructan intolerance -- a bad reaction to a type ofcarbohydrate-- pistachios might bother your belly. Evidence also suggests that oral amygdalin is roughly 40 times more potent than the intravenous form due to the way it can convert to cyanide in the gastrointestinal tract. Publication Type. (2021). Pistachios have a low glycemic index, so they do not cause a sharp rise in blood sugar after someone has eaten them. People, High levels of unsaturated fatty acids and potassium. Occupational cyanide poisoning. It causes blood vessels to dilate by signaling the smooth cells in the endothelium to relax (43). In severe cases, your doctor may administer one of two antidotes: The cyanide antidote kit consists of three medications given together: amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate. Consuming raw cashews may be dangerous, particularly for those who have a poison ivy sensitivity. In this article, we will discuss vitamin B17, including the possible benefits, side effects, and which foods are sources of the compound. Whats more, in-shell pistachios are good for mindful eating, as shelling the nuts takes time and slows the rate of eating. There are many great choices for nut butters besides peanut butter. They're used in salads and desserts . Cashews belong to the Anacardiaceae family, which includes poison ivy. 1. This may help you eat less overall and lose weight. Bitter almonds are a subspecies of sweet almonds. (2006). 5. Pistachios can sometimes be tricky to eat since they have a tough shell. If you suspect you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms of severe cyanide poisoning, seek immediate emergency medical attention. This is likely due to the potential adverse effects of using vitamin B17. The byproduct is an organic form of cyanide, a well-known toxin. Learn more about colon cancer in males here. Intravenous sodium thiosulfate is administered for about 30 minutes. Eat enough of these toxic fruits and vegetables, and you'll suffer the consequences. The angel's trumpet is a beautiful plant, but the leaves and flowers are poisonous to humans and animals. Because it has a high quantity of linamarin, which turns into cyanide when eaten fresh, you must consume this South American plant cooked, fried, steamed, or mashed. They also boast several other important nutrients, including vitamin B6 and potassium. NIOSH also determines levels that are . After some quick Googling, we found that hydrogen cyanide is lethal at about 1.52 milligrams per kilogram, meaning that it takes little more than 0.1 grams (a dime weighs about one gram) of the. We're not trying to say that the world is out to get you, but at times you might want to exercise caution. Carbs. Chronic cyanide poisoning can occur if youre exposed to 20 to 40 parts per million (ppm) of hydrogen cyanide gas over a substantial period of time. In fact, several studies have demonstrated the cholesterol-lowering effects of pistachios (35, 36). If youre experiencing symptoms of chronic cyanide poisoning, see your doctor right away. California, Arizona, and New Mexico make up all of Americas commercial pistachio production. Pistachios had the most significant effect of all the nuts tested on lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Similarly, what foods contain cyanide? Some studies suggest that eating pistachios lowers the amount of fat and sugar (glycemic index) in your blood, as well as improves the flexibility and tone of your blood vessels., Although raw pistachios dont have much sodium (1 cup has about 1 milligram), thats not true for roasted pistachios, which are often salted. It can also come from the pips of fruits, such as . Many inorganic cyanide salts are used in the following industries: Chemists may also be at risk, as potassium and sodium cyanides are common reagents used in labs. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Reduction of blood pressure by using apricot seeds and vitamin C. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? Some delicious and green-colored desserts include pistachio gelato or cheesecake. Although the gas form that you breathe is the most poisonous, eating cyanide from almonds or other sources can be harmful, too. Pistachios are rich in a variety of nutrients and may support weight loss, gut health, blood sugar control, and heart health. Cyanides also occur naturally in many types of food, including almonds and apricots. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we: We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness. All nuts are rich in fiber, which encourages a healthy digestive system by moving food through the gut and preventing constipation. According to one review of 11 studies, regular consumption of pistachios may be linked to a reduction in body mass index, which is used to estimate body fat. Learn more about arsenic poisoning, including symptoms to look out for, the most common causes, and how to treat it. Eating a healthful diet, including pistachios, is a promising way to help prevent these eye diseases from developing. This condition is life-threatening. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. 5. Who needs mouthwash when you have pistachio trees, am I right? You may experience: difficulty breathing . Pistachios are available shelled or unshelled. In severe cases, symptoms are often sudden and life-threatening. Some test-tube studies suggest that laetrile may reduce the occurrence of tumors by affecting the genes that help them spread. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". (Credit: timsackton / Flickr, net_efekt /Flickr), 2023 Cond Nast. Toxic substances portal Cyanide. Pistachios Are One Of The Oldest Flowering Trees In The World. You can even try sprinkling them over your favorite oven-baked fish, adding them to your morning granola, or making your own dessert crust. Una's recipes are inspired by her travels across Mexico, Portugal, India, Thailand, Australia and China. Abraham P, et al. It has been detected in both raw and roasted nuts, including pistachios and walnuts. In one study, regular consumption of nuts, including pistachios, was associated with improvements in sexual desire and orgasmic function in males (47). If your pistachios have been properly stored, none of these signs of spoilage should be present. High in antioxidants Antioxidants are vital to. In-shell pistachios are especially beneficial, as they promote mindful eating. 1 1/2-pound stand-up gold bags labeled Reserve Stock Pistachios; UPC 75142 00332 5. The cyanide in almonds comes from reaction of a biochemical called amygdalin, which forms from a molecule called prunasin, which forms from the amino acid phenylalanine. The recovery for the speciation procedure was in the range 72.7-90.6%. Vegetable and seed oils that have been refined. DOI: Binh Ly. Both mangos and pistachios come from the evergreen tree family. Theyre called nuts, but botanicallypistachios are seeds. Peddy SB, et al. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC, an Internet Brands company. Vitamin B6 is important for several bodily functions, including blood sugar regulation and the formation of hemoglobin, a molecule that carries oxygen in red blood cells (3). Because aside from tasting really bitter and generally being impossible to chew, the stones of certain stone fruits, like cherries, apricots, plums and peaches, contain cyanogenic compoundsscience talk for "stuff that your body can turn into cyanide." This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Pistachios are available for purchase in most grocery stores and online. This article reviews whether cashews are good for you. Keep reading to learn how to recognize the symptoms of cyanide poisoning, whos most at risk, and what treatment options are available. Those family parties must be pretty weird. In the case of a fire or other emergency incident, rescue personnel will use protective gear like face masks, eye shields, and double gloves to enter the area and take you to a safe location. (2015). No judgment here. Traditional harvesting methods overseas made pistachio shells look blotchy which was unappetizing for the American consumer. Cyanide is one of the most famous poisons from spy novels to murder mysteries, its developed a reputation for causing an almost immediate death. No, it is not dangerous to eat pistachios that have been infected. Personally, I dont see the resemblance, but its true. Cashews are a kidney-shaped seed sourced from the cashew tree. It works by blocking oxygen from getting to your cells, causing them to die. If they take the compound orally, 500 milligrams (mg) of amygdalin may contain up to 30 mg of cyanide. A 1/2-cup serving of pistachios provides 18 grams of carbohydrates and 6 grams of fiber. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Medications for Cyanide Poisoning. However, 1 oz of pistachios contains just 159 calories. They are also versatile and can be enjoyed in many recipes. People who suspect they have a nut intolerance should speak to a healthcare professional before introducing nuts to their diet. You can enjoy them raw, on their own, and in things like: American Pistachio Growers: History -- Pistachio Origins, 2018-2019 Member Processors/Suppliers, The Power of Pistachios., California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc.: PISTACHIO., Pistachio Health Institute: Frequently Asked Questions, Nutritional Benefits in a Nutshell., United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service: Basic Report: 12151, Nuts, pistachio nuts, raw., The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: Effects of pistachios on cardiovascular disease risk factors and potentials mechanisms of action: a dose-response study., Natural Product Research: Health benefits of pistachios consumption., British Journal of Nutrition: Effects of almond and pistachio consumption on gut microbiota composition in a randomized cross-over human feeding study., University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources: Nuts: Safe Methods for Consumers to Handle, Store, and Enjoy., Tufts Medical Center: Fructan Intolerance., Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard Medical School: Diabetes?

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