(May 05), Compare and contrast the repressive policies of Hitler and Stalin. . Power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a . -Political instability. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. New ideas introduced in politics. His trial brought him fame and followers. Alternatively, some regimes also must grapple with the demands of influential societal sectors, even at the expense of delaying the governments response to the pandemic. We call these characteristics fascism, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism. Explore Museum suggestions for where to begin teaching about the Holocaust. In the aftermath of World War I, Germans struggled to understand their countrys uncertain future. The Nazi Party recruited, organized, and produced a newspaper to spread its message. At home, meanwhile, the Japanese government increasingly pushed down any opposition to their war effort. Discuss with refto two authoritarian states. Yet many authoritarians instead misuse subnational governance as a flak jacketa shield for deflecting responsibility and criticism more than for solving governance challenges. Citizens faced poor economic conditions, skyrocketing unemployment, political instability, and profound social change. Four key weaknesses are manifest. And indeed, rising instability, aggression, racism, and fear triggered the eruption of the Second World War. What did this demonstrate about. To many, including 30-year old former army corporal Adolf Hitler, it seemed the country had been stabbed in the backbetrayed by subversives at home and by the government who accepted the armistice. Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. This had important consequences, because colonial policy in Ethiopia provided the basis for Italy's antisemitic race laws in 1938. But they are a minority in the authoritarian camp, and regimes with relatively successful pandemic responses are not guaranteed to reap political benefits from their actions. Some in this boat have reacted by prematurely lifting initially tough lockdown measures. - DAMAGEdamages relationship with France and Britain Inflation was threatening the living standards of all Cubans, rising to 40% a year for foodstuffs whilst pay levels stagnated. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda. Much like Hitler and Mussolini, Stalin used violence and propaganda to maintain order and power. Sexual norms were in flux. How successful were they? HITLER [speaking German]: that a minimum of three authoritarian states should be studied. I dont see them either. In Tanzania, which has not published nationwide figures relating to the coronavirus since May 8, President John Magufuli insisted that the country had defeated the virus through prayer. The democratic elections of Weimar Germany were idealistic, as they allowed representation of a wide cross-section of society in the Government. The mixed record of authoritarians responses to the coronavirus undercuts any simple conclusion that the pandemic will bolster authoritarianism globally over the long term. Five years later they conquered Inner Mongolia as well, and a year later pushed into northern China. The Nazis were revolutionaries who wanted to radically transform Germany. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. One must govern well, and for good government one must also practice good propaganda. The Fascist party wanted to crush the existing 'liberal' rulers, but Mussolini allowed many officials to continue working for the state. Of course, some democracies have struggled with some or all of these challenges in their pandemic responses. A new and unfamiliar democratic form of governmentthe Weimar Republicreplaced the authoritarian empire and immediately faced daunting challenges. The theoretical framework of this study on democratic and authoritarian post-colonial states is based on an historical study of the emergence of the dominant class forces that shaped the types of regimes found in Malaysia and Indonesia. In what ways did Mussolini pursue an aggressive foreign policy? He had plans to expand into the Balkans and acquire Albania as a territory. Compare and contrastthe importance ofthe use of force on the emergence of twoauthstates,each from a different region, Evaluate the impact of domestic economic policies on the maintenance of power in two AS, each from a different region. Josef Stalin ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Winston Churchill said the war left a crippled, broken world., TEXT ON SCREEN: Check your email for details on your request. Many Germans felt a new hope and confidence in the future of their country with the prospect of a bold, young charismatic leader. To what extent did popular support for the aims and ideology of one . In the 1920s, Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy. In the 1930s, the Japanese government increasingly came under the control of authoritarian governments. Another million were sent to prisons called Gulags. It is the ending of the world. Half of all Frenchmen aged 20 to 32 at wars outbreak were dead when it was over. By censuring Li instead of acting on his alerts, local authorities may have facilitated the coronaviruss unchecked spread; consequently, Lis death from the virus in early February sparked an outpouring of anger and grief on Chinese social media. A third phrase promoting the "chosen leader" view in the contemporary political context is perhaps the most dangerous, and that is the idea of an "end-time judge" who declares what is good . So while Jewish people had little to do with Ethiopia, they were affected by that policy. First he attacked the Greek island of Corfu. Many authoritarian and authoritarian-leaning governments have not responded well to the pandemic. Mussolini came to power eleven years before Hitler did, and Italian Fascists were active as early as 1919. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. -continued to have a relationship Finally, issues with political legitimacy have also hurt some authoritarians pandemic policies. Charismatic appeal rather than successful domestic policies enabled single-party leaders to maintain power. With reference to Mao, to what extent do you agree with this statement? Causes and effects of war: Chinese Civil War, H/L The People's Republic of China 1949-2005, http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2016-03-09/guest-post-message-voting-cattle?page=1, http://paxonbothhouses.blogspot.jp/2014/10/hitler-i-am-acting-as-agent-of-our.html, Cambridge paper - re.opposition to Nazism, http://www.casahistoria.net/ibrevision.htm, In 1943, hundreds of German women saved their Jewish husbands from deathcamps, Propaganda in Authoritarian States - Trump's laughter and clapping instigators, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpHRvuVvrDU, https://medium.com/@laurennreiff/how-do-you-think-nazism-happened-4662332b6c4b, www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1Zxy3Z2i34&has_verified=1, https://www.ted.com/talks/sviatlana_tsikhanouskaya_how_to_be_fearless_in_the_face_of_authoritarianism?utm_source=newsletter_daily&utm_campaign=daily&utm_medium=email&utm_content=button__2020-11-12#t-24, "Final Account" taken from The Guardian 12/03/2021. - Explain the repeated waves of escape and the establishment of Little Havana in Florida, 98-9 - Outline the use of coercion by Castro as a form of social control. He also supported the brutal suppression of anti-colonial resistance in Libya. They had to be conquered or excluded from the Italian nation. Although there was much weakness in the political system of Weimar Germany from 1919-1933, one man stablised all areas of both politics and daily life for Germans, and hence must be considered a key block in the Nazis' rise to power. This created famine conditions. 4.5/5. Discuss with reference to one authoritarian state. 20. More than fifty million people from around the world visited the Universal Expositiona worlds fair intended to promote greater understanding and tolerance among nations, and to celebrate the new century, new inventions, exciting progress. In the early 1930s, the frequency of elections was dizzying. Of the many fascist states that emerged between the two world wars, Hitler's Germany was the most notoriousbut Mussolini's Italy was the first. President Hindenburg signed a decree that suspended all basic civil rights and constitutional protections, providing the basis for arbitrary police actions. The Nazi Party gained broad support, including many in the middle classintellectuals, civil servants, students, professionals, shopkeepers and clerks ruined by the Depression. After initial success in containing the virus, Singapore was struck by subsequent outbreaks among its population of migrant workers. Unpopular or tyrannical governments. The independent sovereign nations that emerged after the fall of the former Soviet Union "don't have effective status under international law because there is not an international agreement . Examine the role of education and propaganda in the maintenance of power in Maos China. Aims and results of policies: social, economic, political, cultural. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Do you see any of them flying around? Slowed or negative growth, straitened budgets, devastated middle classes, and swelling ranks of poverty-stricken citizens will create political pressure on governments around the worldauthoritarian and democratic alike. The three themes for this topic are: 1. World history topic 10: Authoritarian states (20th century) This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. 83-84 - Why did Castro try to consolidate the revolution by banning free elections and how is this regarded? A rising authoritarian wave. How did Mussolini strengthen the power of the Fascist party? By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. Leaders of trade unions and opposition parties were arrested. Angry, aggrieved citizens are not a solid foundation for regime durability. Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of propaganda, - ABYSSINIA: Italy decides to invade Abyssinia (won and took steps towards rebuilding roman empire) Among his achievements was the creation of organizations designed to make children grow up to be good Fascists. Paper Two essays will expect students to analyse one or two authoritarian states on a topic inked to one of the themes on the prescribed content. Effective national public health responses to the pandemic require not just clear, consistent mandates from the top, but integrated approaches in which regional and local authorities can take initiative, adapt responses to local conditions, and report critical information up the line. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. (May 2007, May 2005), It was personality and not circumstances that brought rulers of single-party states to power. To what extent do you agree with this statement? To what extent was the role of propaganda used to consolidate and maintain . -PACT OF STEELE formal military alliance committing Italy to fight on Germany's side in the event of war How long, and how many casualties did it take for the Fascists to defeat the Socialists? However, in Indonesia the democratic process was suspended altogether and after about a decade of independence . Vietnams leaders, for example, responded to the countrys first confirmed infections as early as January, imposing travel restrictions and quarantines with a speed that made it a textbook case of an effective response to the public health emergency. Many veterans and other citizens struggled to understand Germanys defeat and the uncertain future. (Specimen), The aims and policies of single-party state rulers rarely followed their declared ideology. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? In 2019, an EU policy document described China as simultaneously a partner, economic competitor and systemic rival, but different member states attach different weight to each part of that assessment. How did Japanese leaders justify Japans imperial expansion? Such movements were a common feature of interwar fascism. However, as we have seen, Mussolini's compromises with conservatives and liberal elites put up too many obstacles for this plan to succeed. Building Civil Society In Authoritarian China Importance Of . 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW In 1938 Mussolini published a "Manifesto of Fascist Racism." It's obvious to usnowthat the rise of authoritarianism, including fascism, was paving the way for leaders in many countries to command the obedience of whole populations, even when these leaders began to order the killing of civilians. All nations have an official type of government as designated in the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook. In 1932, ninety-nine people were killed in the streets in one month. Social and economic policies in authoritarian states did not always achieve their aims.. The Fascists learned that paramilitary violence was an effective political tool. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. The state decided who was an enemy quickly, arbitrarily (randomly), and irreversibly. But the Nazis never received more than 38% of the vote in a free national election. We have won power in Germany. In someincluding Algeria, Armenia, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Sudanprotests have driven leaders out of power. States and China might entail out to 2050, the authors. When nobody stopped them, they became bolder and more aggressive. This policy extended not only to sexual relations and marriage, but to any kind of social relationship at all. Germanys fledgling democracy was profoundly tested by the crumbling of old values and fears of what might come next. NARRATOR: Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system, Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of propaganda, Nature, extent and treatment of opposition, The impact of the success and/or failure of foreign policy on the maintenance of power, Aims and impact of domestic economic, political, cultural and social policies, The impact of policies on women and minorities, Authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved. Later in the 1930s, Fascism was strengthened both by Mussolini's attempts to build an overseas empire as well as the increasing likelihood of war in Europe. Lu has previously acknowledged being part of the wolf warrior class of Chinese diplomats, a nickname given to envoys who respond vehemently to critics they perceive as hostile to China. Six people died. Mussolini, founder of the Italian National Fascist party, was among the first to experiment in this way. 93-4 - Outline the relationship between Cuba + the USSR over the 1960s. The Fascists, led by Mussolini, formed a street-fighting group called the Blackshirts to support the landowners. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 The governments of Algeria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Burundi, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, Iran, Nicaragua, Russia, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Zimbabwe, for example, have displayed serious shortcomings in confronting the coronavirus, shortcomings that often reflect core features of their authoritarian governance. In lieu of claiming that the coronavirus was invisible and therefore not present, quite a few authoritarian leaders have made themselves invisible instead. Summarise Castro's rise to power in terms of: - conditions faced; mistakes + weaknesses of others, Compare and contrast the role of propaganda in the emergence of two authoritarian states, each from different regions. Before you read the article, you should skim it first. As the biggest governance test in recent memoryone that many authoritarians are failingthe pandemic and its ensuing economic devastation will turbocharge this underlying driver of global political change. Last August, he sparked outrage by suggesting Taiwanese people would need to be re-educated following a Chinese takeover of the self-ruled island, while during the Covid pandemic he suggested France was abandoning old people in nursing homes. The president of Burundi assured his citizens that divine protection would suffice against the virus, while Venezuelas president trafficked in farfetched conspiracy theories and promoted on social media the use of herbal concoctions to treat the virus. Some democratic leaders have displayed weakness and avoidance, tried to suppress contrary voices, failed to work effectively with local authorities, and refrained from implementing much-needed public health measures out of concern about their economic impact. - How was land reform implemented from 1950s onwards? When the government chose not to intervene in this conflict, the Fascists used the fighting to gain power in the region. Those that have done well may gain enhanced domestic popularity and credibility for their competence, thus reinforcing their hold on power. 1 Not only is the proportion of authoritarian states on the decline, but the proportion of authoritarian states that have institutions conventionally associated . In 1935, the Nazis passed the Nuremberg Laws. In the 1920s, Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy. In Weimar Germany they thrived' - Condon Economic conditions stabilized for a few years, then the worldwide depression hit in 1929. A third debility of the pandemic responses of many authoritarian regimes has been the lack of coherence and flexibility in the hierarchy of governance. These decisions affected political officials, army members, peasants, ethnic minorities, artists, scientists, intellectuals, foreigners, and ordinary Soviet citizens. Compare and contrast the impact of the policies of two authoritarian states on women. Before the onset of the Great Depression in Germany in 1929-1930, the National Socialist German Workers' Party (or Nazi Party for short) was a small party on the radical right of the German political spectrum. While downplaying more extreme goals, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party offered simple solutions to Germanys problems, exploiting peoples fears, frustrations, and hopes to win broad support. With reference to Castro (Cuba) or Nasser (Egypt), to what extent did the use of force contribute tomaintenance of power? He used authoritarian tactics to solidify communist control of the Soviet Union. These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. Italian fascism emerged in the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s. Political Instability. Compare and contrast the conditions that led to the rise to power of two authoritarian/single-party leaders. - How did Cuba survive this economic crisis according to Balfour? NARRATOR: Germany has awakened! To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. However, he was not a, A poor harvest in 1931-32 was made worse by Soviet economic policies. (Nov 06), To what extent was the rise to power of either Hitler or Mao due to personal appeal and ability? For the first time, women were working outside the home in large numbers, and the new constitution gave women the right to vote. Course: World History Project - 1750 to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, 2. (May 08 TZ2), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power of one ruler of a single-party state. German imperialism was long based on a theory of colonial growth, called. It became known as the war to end all wars. It cast an immense shadow on tens of millions of people. The government responded inadequately, and blamed the situation on. The conquest of Ethiopia prompted Fascists to set harsher boundaries of who could be assimilated and who could not. They reached out to the Nazis to help build a majority in Parliament. The conservative politicians in the new Cabinet didnt like or trust Hitler, but they liked democracy even less, and they saw the leftist parties as a bigger threat. The fighting nourished the Fascists belief in violence as the true path to manhood. Under the emergency decree, they could be terrorized, beaten and held indefinitely. Today's China is not yesterday's Soviet Union. Under the pressure of unending carnage, governments toppled and great empires dissolved. The 20th century began much like our ownwith hope that education, science and technology could create a better, more peaceful world. - Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion, the role of leaders, ideology, the use of force, propaganda. Moreover, most authoritarianswhatever the quality of their pandemic policiesface enormous new economic pressures as a result of the virus. Italian rule included segregation, and policies prohibited interracial relations. Taking advantage of new modes and media that emerged in the early twentieth century, these . Photo of Mussolini and Hitler standing next to each other, each dressed in their military uniforms. The first world war, from 1914 to 1918, was fought throughout Europe and beyond. Beginning in 1925, Mussolini tried to strengthen the party and expand its reach. The humiliation of Germanys defeat and the peace settlement that followed in 1919 would play an important role in the rise of Nazism and the coming of a second world war just 20 years later. Direct link to Yagnesh Peddatimmareddy's post mussolini created a dicta, Posted a month ago. The Path to Nazi Genocide, NARRATOR: Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. Today, authoritarian regimes comprise only one-fifth of all states in the world (Marshall & Cole 2011, p. 10). Adolf Hitler. Furthermore, Mussolini brought discipline to the party and aligned it more uniformly with the aims of the state. Some have, in fact, exhibited valuable decisiveness and clarity when confronted with the coronavirus. No party was able to win a clear majority, and without political consensus, successive governments could not effectively govern the nation. This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. New social problems emerged from the impact of rapid industrialization and the growth of cities. This resulted in the Great Purge of 1936-38. The idea was that non- Italians could become Italian if they assimilated to Italian culture and pledged loyalty to the nation. . The de-regulation of financial capital threatens to bring us back to capitalist authoritarianism that flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. What followed soon after were two devastating wars. The emergence of authoritarian states is a fascinating way of exploring the History Rising Big Question on Perspectives. The new governments first targets were political opponents. We include resources for teaching with limited class time, for English/Language Arts, and for History classes. (goal: increase acceptance of fascist ideology {many ignored indoctrination aspects}), 3.) (May 07), It was personality and not circumstances that brought rulers of single-party states to power. To what extent do you agree with this statement?

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